Difference between revisions of "John Saumarez Dumaresq"

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{{RearRN}} '''John Saumarez Dumaresq''', C.B., C.V.O., A.D.C., Royal Navy (26 October, 1873 – 22 July, 1922) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]], who made an important contribution to the field of long-range naval gunnery with the invention of the [[Dumaresq]].  He was the first Australian-born officer to command the Australian fleet.  
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[[File:John S. Dumaresq.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rear-Admiral John S. Dumaresq, C.B., C.V.O.<br><small>Photo: Australian War Memorial.</small>]]
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{{RearRN}} '''John Saumarez Dumaresq''', C.B., C.V.O., Royal Navy (26 October, 1873 &ndash; 22 July, 1922) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]] who made an important contribution to the field of long-range naval gunnery with the invention of the [[Dumaresq]].  He was the first Australian-born officer to command the [[Royal Australian Navy|Australian Fleet]].
  
 
==Early Life & Career==
 
==Early Life & Career==
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Dumaresq was born on 26 October 1873 at Rose Bay in Sydney, the son of William Alexander Dumaresq whose father had come to Australia with his two brothers and his sister Elizabeth (b.1798-d.1868), who was married to General Ralph Darling, seventh Governor of New South Wales. His moth was Edith Helen Dumaresq. When John was two his family returned to England.
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Dumaresq was born in Sydney, the son of pastoralist William Alexander Dumaresq. He grew up in England, however, from age 2.<ref>[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dumaresq-john-saumarez-6037 Australian Dictionary of Biography].</ref>
  
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Dumaresq joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1886, aged 13. He was commissioned as a {{LieutRN}} in 1894 and served with the Channel Fleet. In 1904 he was promoted to commander and, having taken an interest in torpedo work earlier in his career, was attached to the Admiralty to supervise the equipment of torpedo vessels. Dumaresq was keenly interested in the science of naval warfare and in 1902 he invented an instrument to calculate [[Range Rate|range rates]], the [[Dumaresq]] that greatly improved the accuracy of naval gunnery.
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Dumaresq was confirmed in the rank of Sub-Lieutenant dated 26 October, 1892.{{Gaz|26508|2510|1 May, 1894}} He was promoted to the rank of {{LieutRN}} on 29 August, 1894.
  
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In 1907 Dumaresq married Christian Dalrymple and the following year he commanded the torpedo flotilla when it escorted [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]] on a visit to Russia. After his return, Dumaresq commanded two of the [[British Home Fleet|Home Fleet]]'s torpedo destroyers. Promoted to {{CaptRN}} in 1910, he invented several fire-control devices that were used in the [[First World War]].
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In May, 1898, he attained a first class in the theoretical course for torpedo, and qualified with a second class in May, 1899.
  
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Dumaresq commanded the ''Shannon'', a light cruiser, in the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916. During this action he conceived the idea of launching aircraft from a ship's deck. In February, 1917 he was transferred to the [[Royal Australian Navy]] as captain of H.M.A.S. ''Sydney'' and later in the year he took command of the British [[Battle cruiser|battle cruiser]] [[H.M.S. Repulse (1916)|''Repulse'']], which he captained in a successful battle against the German flagship, ''Königsberg''. Dumaresq returned to Sydney in December, 1917. To his great pleasure the Admiralty had agreed to the installation of an aircraft-launching platform on ''Sydney'', the first to be fitted to a ship. The first flight was a success and the device offered ships some protection against zeppelins and land-based aircraft.
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Dumaresq was promoted to the rank of {{CommRN}} on 30 June, 1904.{{Gaz|27691|4182|1 July, 1904}}
  
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Dumaresq remained in command of ''Sydney'' until 22 February, 1919 when he became Commodore commanding the [[Royal Australian Navy]] and [[Australia Squadron]], with the rank of Commodore, 1st Class. In June, 1921 he was promoted to {{RearRN}}, becoming the first Australian-born officer to attain that rank and to command the Navy.
+
Around this time he was informed that his Rate of Change of Range Instrument was to be provisionally tried by the Navy, and Their Lordships' appreciation was expressed. This instrument was adopted and officially known as the [[Dumaresq]].
 +
 
 +
In April, 1906, he qualified as an Acting Interpreter in French.
 +
 
 +
Following King Edward VII's visit to Russia, Dumaresq was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order (M.V.O.) on 10 June, 1908.{{Gaz|28148|4404|16 June, 1908}}
 +
 
 +
He was appointed to command the battleship {{UK-PrinceOfWales}} on 18 November, 1912.<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  The National Archives.  ADM 196/43.  f. 340.</ref>
 +
 
 +
At the outbreak of war, he was flag captain to {{RearRN}} [[Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe|Gough-Calthorpe]] in {{UK-Shannon}}, operating with the {{UK-CS|2}}.<ref>Corbett. ''Naval Operations'', Volume I. p. 439.</ref>
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He and the ship participated in the [[Battle of Jutland]] on 31 May, 1916. As part of the post-Jutland honours he was appointed an Additional Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) dated 31 May, on 15 September.{{GazSup|29751|9070|15 September, 1916}}
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 +
==Post-War==
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Dumaresq remained in command of the {{AU-1Sydney|f=tp}} until 22 February, 1919 when he became Commodore commanding [[Royal Australian Navy|His Majesty's Australian Fleet]], with the rank of {{Com1RN}}, dated 22 March.<ref>"End of Grand Fleet" (Official Appointments and Notices).  ''The Times''.  Thursday, 3 April, 1919.  Issue '''42065''', col D, p. 13.</ref>  On 15 June, 1921 he was promoted to the rank of {{RearRN}},{{Gaz|32384|5486|8 July, 1921}} becoming the first Australian-born officer to attain that rank, and to command the Royal Australian Fleet.
  
 
By the early 1920s, cutbacks in defence spending led Dumaresq into conflict with senior political figures as he sought to ensure that the Navy was properly resourced. He returned to the Royal Navy on 29 April, 1922, thus ending his service with the R.A.N. Dumaresq's final gesture, criticising Australia's apathy towards defence spending, suggests something of his willingness to publicly state his views on matters of national importance. Some regarded him as a strict disciplinarian but he was widely respected, shy of publicity, and has been credited with introducing an esprit de corps into the Navy that the young service had been lacking.
 
By the early 1920s, cutbacks in defence spending led Dumaresq into conflict with senior political figures as he sought to ensure that the Navy was properly resourced. He returned to the Royal Navy on 29 April, 1922, thus ending his service with the R.A.N. Dumaresq's final gesture, criticising Australia's apathy towards defence spending, suggests something of his willingness to publicly state his views on matters of national importance. Some regarded him as a strict disciplinarian but he was widely respected, shy of publicity, and has been credited with introducing an esprit de corps into the Navy that the young service had been lacking.
  
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Dumaresq never reached England to take up his new appointment. He fell ill on the voyage and died of pneumonia in the Philippines on 22 July, 1922.
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Having raised a stir, on the way to Japan, Dumaresq fell seriously ill in the Philippines with pneumonia in May of 1922.<ref>"News in Brief" (News in Brief).  ''The Times''.  Wednesday, 17 May, 1922.  Issue '''43033''', col D, p. 9.</ref>  He died in Manila on 22 July of septic pneumonia.<ref>"Deaths" (Deaths).  ''The Times''.  Monday, 24 July, 1922.  Issue '''43091''', col A, p. 1.</ref>  The funeral service was held in the Episcopal Cathedral, and he was buried in the British cemetery at San Pedro Macati.  His coffin was escorted by a contingent of 1,200 infantry, and a thirteen gun salute was rendered at the cemetery.<ref>"Death of Admiral Dumaresq" (Obituaries).  ''The Times''.  Monday, 24 July, 1922. Issue '''43091''', col E, p. 14.</ref>
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==See Also==
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{{refbegin}}
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{{WP|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Saumarez_Dumaresq}}
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{{refend}}
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==Bibliography==
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{{refbegin}}
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*{{BrooksDGBJ}}
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{{refend}}
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==Service Records==
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{{refbegin}}
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*{{TNA|ADM 196/141/79.|D8120719}}
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*{{TNA|ADM 196/89/90.|D8115615}}
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*{{TNA|ADM 196/43/337.|D8112216}}
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{{refend}}
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<div name=fredbot:appts>{{TabApptsBegin}}
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{{TabNaval}}
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{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Bernhard Alexander Pratt-Barlow|Bernhard A. Pratt-Barlow]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Lively (1900)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Lively'']]'''<br>14 Jul, 1904{{ToL|Appointments for the Naval Manoeuvres|Saturday, Jul 09, 1904; pg. 12; Issue 37442}}<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref> &ndash; before 16 Sep, 1904<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[John Colin Howard Lindsay|John C. H. Lindsay]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Frank Brandt|Frank Brandt]]'''|'''[[H.M. T.B. 116 (1903)|Captain of H.M. T.B. 116]]'''<br>18 Apr, 1906{{NLJan07|p. 400}} &ndash; 16 Jun, 1907<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Herbert Neville Garnett|Herbert N. Garnett]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Francis Gerald St. John|Francis G. St. John]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Nith (1905)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Nith'']]'''<br>7 Feb, 1908<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref>{{NLJul09|p. 350}} &ndash; ''c''. early 1910<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref>{{NLJan10|p. 350}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Arthur Kenneth Macrorie|Arthur K. Macrorie]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''New Command'''|'''[[H.M.S. Swift (1907)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Swift'']]'''<br>10 Feb, 1910<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref> &ndash; 2 Aug, 1910<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.|}} f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[George Bennett Weston Young|George B. W. Young]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Henry Tritton Buller|Henry T. Buller]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Prince of Wales (1902)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Prince of Wales'']]'''<br>18 Nov, 1912<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.}}  f. 340.</ref> &ndash; 18 Nov, 1913<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.}}  f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Robert Nesham Bax|Robert N. Bax]]'''}}
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{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Douglas Carpendale|Charles D. Carpendale]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Shannon (1906)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Shannon'']]'''<br>19 Dec, 1913<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43}}.  f. 340.</ref>{{NLDec16|p. 398}} &ndash; 5 Feb, 1917<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.}}  f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Vincent Barkly Molteno|Vincent B. Molteno]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[John Collings-Taswell Glossop|John C. Glossop]]'''|'''[[H.M.A.S. Sydney (1912)|Captain of H.M.A.S. ''Sydney'']]'''<br>5 Feb, 1917<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.}}  f. 340.</ref> &ndash; 24 Sep, 1917<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.}}  f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[John Saumarez Dumaresq|John S. Dumaresq]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Cyril Thomas Moulden Fuller|Cyril T. M. Fuller]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Repulse (1916)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Repulse'']]'''<br>24 Sep, 1917{{NLNov17|p. 397''k''}} &ndash; 6 Nov, 1917<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43.}}  f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[William Henry Dudley Boyle, Twelfth Earl of Cork and Orrery|William H. D. Boyle]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[John Saumarez Dumaresq|John S. Dumaresq]]'''|'''[[H.M.A.S. Sydney (1912)|Captain of H.M.A.S. ''Sydney'']]'''<br>6 Nov, 1917{{NLDec18|p. 951}} &ndash; 22 Feb, 1919|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Henry Priaulx Cayley|Henry P. Cayley]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[Second Light Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)|Second-in-Command, Second Light Cruiser Squadron]]'''<br>24 Dec, 1917<ref>Dumaresq Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/43}}.  f. 340.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''?'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Lionel Halsey|Lionel Halsey]]'''|'''[[Australian Station|Rear-Admiral Commanding the Australian Fleet]]'''<br>22 Feb, 1919{{CN}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Albert Percy Addison|Albert P. Addison]]'''}}
 +
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[George Edwin Patey|Sir George E. Patey]]'''|'''[[Royal Australian Navy|Rear-Admiral Commanding, Royal Australian Navy Squadron]]'''<br>Mar, 1919{{MackieRNSA}} &ndash; Apr, 1922{{MackieRNSA}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Albert Percy Addison|Albert P. Addison]]'''}}
 +
{{TabEnd}}
 +
</div name=fredbot:appts>
  
 
==Footnotes==
 
==Footnotes==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
  
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==Service Record==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dumaresq, John Saumarez}}
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*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7918174&queryType=1&resultcount=1 ADM 196/43]
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{{CatPerson|UK|1873|1922}}
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{{CatBritannia|July, 1886}}
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{{CatGunneryOfficer|UK}}
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{{CatRear|UK}}
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{{CatDeceasedOnActiveService|UK}}
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{{CatInterpreter|UK|French}}
  
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[[Category:1873 births|Dumaresq]]
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[[Category:Rear-Admirals Commanding H.M. Australian Fleet]]
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[[Category:1922 deaths|Dumaresq]]
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{{CatRN}}
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[[Category:Personalities|Dumaresq]]
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[[Category:Royal Navy Gunnery Officers|Dumaresq]]
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[[Category:Royal Navy Rear-Admirals|Dumaresq]]
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[[Category:Royal Navy Flag Officers|Dumaresq]]
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[[Category:Royal Navy Officers Deceased on Active Service|Dumaresq]]
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Latest revision as of 03:35, 22 February 2023

Rear-Admiral John S. Dumaresq, C.B., C.V.O.
Photo: Australian War Memorial.

Rear-Admiral John Saumarez Dumaresq, C.B., C.V.O., Royal Navy (26 October, 1873 – 22 July, 1922) was an officer of the Royal Navy who made an important contribution to the field of long-range naval gunnery with the invention of the Dumaresq. He was the first Australian-born officer to command the Australian Fleet.

Early Life & Career

Dumaresq was born in Sydney, the son of pastoralist William Alexander Dumaresq. He grew up in England, however, from age 2.[1]

Dumaresq was confirmed in the rank of Sub-Lieutenant dated 26 October, 1892.[2] He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 29 August, 1894.

In May, 1898, he attained a first class in the theoretical course for torpedo, and qualified with a second class in May, 1899.

Dumaresq was promoted to the rank of Commander on 30 June, 1904.[3]

Around this time he was informed that his Rate of Change of Range Instrument was to be provisionally tried by the Navy, and Their Lordships' appreciation was expressed. This instrument was adopted and officially known as the Dumaresq.

In April, 1906, he qualified as an Acting Interpreter in French.

Following King Edward VII's visit to Russia, Dumaresq was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order (M.V.O.) on 10 June, 1908.[4]

He was appointed to command the battleship Prince of Wales on 18 November, 1912.[5]

At the outbreak of war, he was flag captain to Rear-Admiral Gough-Calthorpe in Shannon, operating with the Second Cruiser Squadron.[6] He and the ship participated in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May, 1916. As part of the post-Jutland honours he was appointed an Additional Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) dated 31 May, on 15 September.[7]

Post-War

Dumaresq remained in command of the light cruiser H.M.A.S. Sydney until 22 February, 1919 when he became Commodore commanding His Majesty's Australian Fleet, with the rank of Commodore, First Class, dated 22 March.[8] On 15 June, 1921 he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral,[9] becoming the first Australian-born officer to attain that rank, and to command the Royal Australian Fleet.

By the early 1920s, cutbacks in defence spending led Dumaresq into conflict with senior political figures as he sought to ensure that the Navy was properly resourced. He returned to the Royal Navy on 29 April, 1922, thus ending his service with the R.A.N. Dumaresq's final gesture, criticising Australia's apathy towards defence spending, suggests something of his willingness to publicly state his views on matters of national importance. Some regarded him as a strict disciplinarian but he was widely respected, shy of publicity, and has been credited with introducing an esprit de corps into the Navy that the young service had been lacking.

Having raised a stir, on the way to Japan, Dumaresq fell seriously ill in the Philippines with pneumonia in May of 1922.[10] He died in Manila on 22 July of septic pneumonia.[11] The funeral service was held in the Episcopal Cathedral, and he was buried in the British cemetery at San Pedro Macati. His coffin was escorted by a contingent of 1,200 infantry, and a thirteen gun salute was rendered at the cemetery.[12]

See Also

Bibliography

Service Records


Naval Appointments
Preceded by
Bernhard A. Pratt-Barlow 		Captain of H.M.S. Lively
14 Jul, 1904[13][14] – before 16 Sep, 1904[15] 		Succeeded by
John C. H. Lindsay
Preceded by
Frank Brandt 		Captain of H.M. T.B. 116
18 Apr, 1906[16] – 16 Jun, 1907[17] 		Succeeded by
Herbert N. Garnett
Preceded by
Francis G. St. John 		Captain of H.M.S. Nith
7 Feb, 1908[18][19] – c. early 1910[20][21] 		Succeeded by
Arthur K. Macrorie
Preceded by
New Command 		Captain of H.M.S. Swift
10 Feb, 1910[22] – 2 Aug, 1910[23] 		Succeeded by
George B. W. Young
Preceded by
Henry T. Buller 		Captain of H.M.S. Prince of Wales
18 Nov, 1912[24] – 18 Nov, 1913[25] 		Succeeded by
Robert N. Bax
Preceded by
Charles D. Carpendale 		Captain of H.M.S. Shannon
19 Dec, 1913[26][27] – 5 Feb, 1917[28] 		Succeeded by
Vincent B. Molteno
Preceded by
John C. Glossop 		Captain of H.M.A.S. Sydney
5 Feb, 1917[29] – 24 Sep, 1917[30] 		Succeeded by
John S. Dumaresq
Preceded by
Cyril T. M. Fuller 		Captain of H.M.S. Repulse
24 Sep, 1917[31] – 6 Nov, 1917[32] 		Succeeded by
William H. D. Boyle
Preceded by
John S. Dumaresq 		Captain of H.M.A.S. Sydney
6 Nov, 1917[33] – 22 Feb, 1919 		Succeeded by
Henry P. Cayley
Preceded by
? 		Second-in-Command, Second Light Cruiser Squadron
24 Dec, 1917[34] 		Succeeded by
?
Preceded by
Lionel Halsey 		Rear-Admiral Commanding the Australian Fleet
22 Feb, 1919[Citation needed] 		Succeeded by
Albert P. Addison
Preceded by
Sir George E. Patey 		Rear-Admiral Commanding, Royal Australian Navy Squadron
Mar, 1919[35] – Apr, 1922[36] 		Succeeded by
Albert P. Addison

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  2. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26508. p. 2510. 1 May, 1894.
  3. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27691. p. 4182. 1 July, 1904.
  4. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28148. p. 4404. 16 June, 1908.
  5. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  6. ↑ Corbett. Naval Operations, Volume I. p. 439.
  7. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29751. p. 9070. 15 September, 1916.
  8. ↑ "End of Grand Fleet" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Thursday, 3 April, 1919. Issue 42065, col D, p. 13.
  9. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32384. p. 5486. 8 July, 1921.
  10. ↑ "News in Brief" (News in Brief). The Times. Wednesday, 17 May, 1922. Issue 43033, col D, p. 9.
  11. ↑ "Deaths" (Deaths). The Times. Monday, 24 July, 1922. Issue 43091, col A, p. 1.
  12. ↑ "Death of Admiral Dumaresq" (Obituaries). The Times. Monday, 24 July, 1922. Issue 43091, col E, p. 14.
  13. ↑ "Appointments for the Naval Manoeuvres." The Times (London, England), Saturday, Jul 09, 1904; pg. 12; Issue 37442.
  14. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  15. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  16. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1907). p. 400.
  17. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  18. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  19. ↑ The Navy List. (July, 1909). p. 350.
  20. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  21. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1910). p. 350.
  22. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  23. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  24. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  25. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  26. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  27. ↑ The Navy List. (December, 1916). p. 398.
  28. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  29. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  30. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  31. ↑ The Navy List. (November, 1917). p. 397k.
  32. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  33. ↑ The Navy List. (December, 1918). p. 951.
  34. ↑ Dumaresq Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/43. f. 340.
  35. ↑ Mackie, Colin. ROYAL NAVY SENIOR APPOINTMENTS.
  36. ↑ Mackie, Colin. ROYAL NAVY SENIOR APPOINTMENTS.

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