Frederick Charles Doveton Sturdee, First Baronet
Admiral of the Fleet SIR Frederick Charles Doveton Sturdee, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., C.V.O., L.L.D., Royal Navy (9 June, 1859 – 7 May, 1925) was an officer in the Royal Navy. He is chiefly known for his victory at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in 1914, where his squadron destroyed a German cruiser force in South American waters, thus avenging the British defeat at Coronel.
Early Life & Career
For his services in Samoa, on 1 January, 1900 Sturdee was appointed a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George (C.M.G.).[1] On 12 September, 1908, he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral, vice Kingsmill.[2]
Great War
On 30 July 1914,[3] immediately before the outbreak of the First World War, Sturdee relieved Admiral Sir Henry Jackson as Chief of the Admiralty War Staff under Prince Louis of Battenberg, First Sea Lord. Henry F. Oliver later wrote that Sturdee was, "A pompous man who would never listen to anyone else[']s opinion. I could not stick him."[4]
He was widely regarded as a failure in this post, and bore the largest share of responsibility for the destruction of the cruiser squadron under Sir Christopher Cradock at Coronel on 1 November, 1914. This disaster made it urgently necessary to deal with Admiral von Spee's German cruisers; and, when Lord Fisher succeeded Prince Louis as First Sea Lord on 31 October, he "exerted himself to displace" Sturdee,[5] who was appointed as Commander-in-Chief on the South Atlantic and South Pacific Station on 6 October.[3] The Commodore (S), Roger Keyes, later wrote to his wife, "I have never seen anyone so miserable [and] furious as he [Sturdee] was under the monstrous treatment he received when Prince Louis was turned out."[6] Sturdee reached Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands on the evening of 7 December, 1914, and von Spee's squadron was sighted the next morning. The decisive victory of the Falkland Islands followed, in which Sturdee with two battle cruisers, five cruisers, and one armed merchant cruiser annihilated the German squadron of two armoured cruisers, three light cruisers, and two colliers; only one light cruiser escaped. He was rewarded by a baronetcy on 19 January, 1916. On 22 January his appointment as Commander-in-Chief ceased.[7]
Grand Fleet
On 25 November Sturdee, along with Vice-Admiral Jerram, received a telegram from the Admiralty asking him if he wished to continue in his present command. An officer on Marder's staff (no doubt William M. James, whom the editor has never had any time for) later wrote to Arthur Marder that he "well remembers the day when he received the telegram. he was a very conceited man and I am sure was greatly surprised when he was passed over as Jellicoe's successor. He used to explain he had stayed on, as his great knowledge of tactics would be so useful to Beatty!"[8]
The Nore
On 1 March, 1918, Sturdee was appointed Commander-in-Chief at the Nore.[9]
Retirement
At the end of the war he received the thanks of Parliament and a grant of £10,000. Soon after ceasing active service he succeeded the Marquess of Milford Haven (Prince Louis of Battenberg) as president of the Society for Nautical Research, and devoted himself to the restoration of Victory, Nelson's flagship at Trafalgar. He had achieved this before he died at his residence, Wargrave House, Camberley, Surrey, on 7 May, 1925.
Assessment
Andrew Lambert's potted biography of Sturdee in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ends:
Sturdee was an able naval officer, and an effective squadron commander. Despite being an indefatigable student of his profession, however, he never grasped the higher demands of war, and failed as chief of the war staff. His victory at the Falkland Islands was both fortunate and ironic.
Earlier Lambert had written that, "[Sturdee] bore the largest share of responsibility for the destruction of the cruiser squadron under Sir Christopher Cradock at Coronel on 1 November 1914." he echoes the eternal malcontent Richmond who held Sturdee "primarily responsible."[10] As to failing in his capacity as Chief of the War Staff, Sturdee held the position for only three months. In making such broad generalisations, Lambert completely exonerates those who had the authority and the responsibility for the conduct of the war at sea, namely Churchill and Battenberg, who were at any rate the architects of the War Staff which is widely held to have failed so completely. — SIMON HARLEY, Co-editor.
Footnotes
- ↑ London Gazette: no. 27154. p. 285. 16 January, 1900.
- ↑ London Gazette: no. 28178. p. 6760. 18 September, 1908.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sturdee Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/39. p. 1256.
- ↑ Oliver. II. f. 99.
- ↑ Mackay. Fisher of Kilverstone. p. 469.
- ↑ Keyes Papers. I. p. 58.
- ↑ "Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918, and Which Have Now Ceased to Exist." The National Archives. ADM 6/461. Unnumbered page.
- ↑ Quoted in Marder. Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. III. p. 339.
- ↑ Supplement to the Monthly Navy List (November, 1918). p. 2.
- ↑ Richmond diary, 4 November, 1914. Quoted in Marder. Portrait of an Admiral. p. 125.
Bibliography
- "Sir Doveton Sturdee" (Obituaries). The Times. Friday, 8 May, 1925. Issue 43956, col A, pg. 19.
Papers
Service Records
- The National Archives. ADM 196/39.
- The National Archives. ADM 196/20.
Naval Office | ||
Preceded by Sir Henry B. Jackson |
Chief of the Admiralty War Staff 1914 |
Succeeded by Henry F. Oliver |
Preceded by Sir Douglas A. Gamble |
Vice-Admiral Commanding, Fourth Battle Squadron 1915 – 1918 |
Succeeded by Sir Montague E. Browning |
Preceded by Sir George A. Callaghan |
Commander-in-Chief at the Nore 1918 – 1921 |
Succeeded by Sir Hugh Evan-Thomas |
- 1859 births
- 1925 deaths
- Personalities
- H.M.S. Britannia (Training Ship) Entrants of July, 1871
- Assistants to the Director of Naval Ordnance (Royal Navy)
- Assistant Directors of Naval Intelligence (Royal Navy)
- Commanding Officers of H.M.S. Minerva (1895)
- Commanding Officers of H.M.S. Bedford (1901)
- Commanding Officers of H.M.S. Drake (1901)
- Chiefs of the Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet (Royal Navy)
- Chiefs of the Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, Channel Fleet (Royal Navy)
- Naval Aides-de-Camp to King Edward VII
- Commanding Officers of H.M.S. Zealandia (1904)
- Rear-Admirals in the First Division, Home Fleet (Royal Navy)
- Rear-Admirals Commanding, Third Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)
- Rear-Admirals Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)
- Chiefs of the Admiralty War Staff
- Vice-Admirals Commanding, Fourth Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)
- Commanders-in-Chief at the Nore
- Royal Navy Admirals of the Fleet
- Royal Navy Flag Officers