Difference between revisions of "Invincible Class Battlecruiser (1907)"
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| − | The three '''''Invincible'' class''' [[Battlecruiser|battlecruisers]] were the first ships of their type. | + | The three '''''Invincible'' class''' [[Battlecruiser|battlecruisers]] completed in 1908 and 1909 were the first ships of their type. |
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==Construction== | ==Construction== | ||
| − | The outline design based on Design "E" was approved by the Board of Admiralty on 16 March, 1905. The sheer, midship section, armour and rig drawings were approved on 22 June. | + | The outline design based on Design "E" was approved by the Board of Admiralty on 16 March, 1905. The sheer, midship section, armour and rig drawings were approved on 22 June.{{RobertsBattlecruisers|p. 25}} |
Uniquely, the vessels of the ''Invincible'' class were not put out for competitive tender and in late 1905 Armstrong's, Fairfield and John Brown were invited to construct the class. The Admiralty's reasoning was to prevent the closure of large private yards and thus lose Britain her competitive edge in shipbuilding.<ref>Lambert. ''Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution''. pp. 147-148.</ref> | Uniquely, the vessels of the ''Invincible'' class were not put out for competitive tender and in late 1905 Armstrong's, Fairfield and John Brown were invited to construct the class. The Admiralty's reasoning was to prevent the closure of large private yards and thus lose Britain her competitive edge in shipbuilding.<ref>Lambert. ''Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution''. pp. 147-148.</ref> | ||
==Radio== | ==Radio== | ||
| − | According to the ambitions of 1909, these ships had [[Service Gear Mark II]] wireless upon completion. | + | According to the ambitions of 1909, these ships had [[Service Gear Mark II]] wireless upon completion.{{ARTS1908|Wireless Appendix, p. 13}} |
==Armament== | ==Armament== | ||
===Main Battery=== | ===Main Battery=== | ||
| − | The four turrets were labelled "A", and "X", on the centre line and "P" to port and "Q" to starboard. | + | The four turrets were labelled "A", and "X", on the centre line and "P" to port and "Q" to starboard.{{UKManGun1907I|p. 1}} |
| − | This section is sourced in ''The Sight Manual, 1916''. | + | This section is sourced in ''The Sight Manual, 1916''.{{TheSightM|pp. 4, 40, 106, 108-109, Plates 14-15}} |
The eight 12-in guns were Mark X mounted in B VIII turrets. The mountings could elevate 13.5 degrees and depress 5 degrees. | The eight 12-in guns were Mark X mounted in B VIII turrets. The mountings could elevate 13.5 degrees and depress 5 degrees. | ||
| Line 52: | Line 30: | ||
===Torpedoes=== | ===Torpedoes=== | ||
| − | In 1913, it was approved, as part of a general reallocation of 18-in torpedoes, to replace the torpedoes on ''Invincible'' class and ''Warrior'' class except | + | In 1913, it was approved, as part of a general reallocation of 18-in torpedoes, to replace the torpedoes on ''Invincible'' class and ''Warrior'' class except {UK-Cochrane}} with Mark VI** H. or Mark VI** H. torpedoes.{{ARTS1913|p. 8}} |
==Fire Control== | ==Fire Control== | ||
===Range Dials=== | ===Range Dials=== | ||
| − | As of 1920, it appears that these battlecruisers were unique in that they did not receive such equipment. | + | As of 1920, it appears that these battlecruisers were unique in that they did not receive such equipment.{{UKManGun1020III|p. 44}} It may have been indicative of the belief their service would not continue much further. |
===Rangefinders=== | ===Rangefinders=== | ||
| − | The ships were completed with two 9-ft rangefinders, one in each control top. Between 1911 and 1914, a third 9-ft rangefinder was added to "A" turret, based upon their successful incorporation in later units of the [[Indefatigable Class (1909)|''Indefatigable'' class]]. | + | The ships were completed with two 9-ft rangefinders, one in each control top. Between 1911 and 1914, a third 9-ft rangefinder was added to "A" turret, based upon their successful incorporation in later units of the [[Indefatigable Class (1909)|''Indefatigable'' class]].{{RobertsBattlecruisers|pp. 90-91}} |
| − | Additional turret-top rangefinders were added as time went on. ''Inflexible'' had them at least from 1917 atop "P" and "Q" turrets. | + | Additional turret-top rangefinders were added as time went on. ''Inflexible'' had them at least from 1917 atop "P" and "Q" turrets.{{RobertsBattlecruisers|Photo page 82}} |
Sometime during or after 1917, an additional 9-foot rangefinder on an open mounting was to be added specifically to augment torpedo control.{{ARTS1917|p. 198. (C.I.O. 481/17)}} | Sometime during or after 1917, an additional 9-foot rangefinder on an open mounting was to be added specifically to augment torpedo control.{{ARTS1917|p. 198. (C.I.O. 481/17)}} | ||
===Evershed Bearing Indicators=== | ===Evershed Bearing Indicators=== | ||
| − | All units were likely fitted with this equipment by late 1914. | + | All units were likely fitted with this equipment by late 1914.{{HFCI1914|p. 34}} |
The transmitting positions were | The transmitting positions were | ||
| Line 75: | Line 53: | ||
* Upper aft conning tower | * Upper aft conning tower | ||
| − | The protocols for how her crew should handle [[Wooding|wooding]] of the turrets was outlined in the ''Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914''. | + | The protocols for how her crew should handle [[Wooding|wooding]] of the turrets was outlined in the ''Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914''.{{HFCI1914|p. 34}} |
===Mechanical Aid-to-Spotter=== | ===Mechanical Aid-to-Spotter=== | ||
| − | At some point, | + | At some point, {{UK-Indomitable}} and {{UK-Inflexible}} were equipped with a pair of [[Mechanical Aid-to-Spotter Mark I]]s, one on each side of the foretop, keyed off the Evershed rack on the director. As the need for such gear was apparently first identified in early 1916, it seems likely that these installations were effected well after Jutland.{{FCHMShips|pp. 25-26}} |
===Gunnery Control=== | ===Gunnery Control=== | ||
| − | The control arrangements were likely as follows. | + | The control arrangements were likely as follows.{{HFCI1914|pp. 7-8. (some inferences drawn due to fundamental differences between this design and that of ''Orion'' to which it is likened)}} |
====Control Positions==== | ====Control Positions==== | ||
| − | The ships featured control positions in: | + | The ships featured control positions in:{{RobertsBattlecruisers|pp. 90-91}} |
* Fore top, this being the preferred one | * Fore top, this being the preferred one | ||
* Main top | * Main top | ||
| Line 90: | Line 68: | ||
* "X" turret{{INF}} | * "X" turret{{INF}} | ||
| − | Some ships had changeover switches within the control positions so they could be connected to either T.S. | + | Some ships had changeover switches within the control positions so they could be connected to either T.S.{{HFCI1914|p. 7}} |
====Control Groups==== | ====Control Groups==== | ||
| Line 100: | Line 78: | ||
===Directors=== | ===Directors=== | ||
====Main Battery==== | ====Main Battery==== | ||
| − | The ships were fitted with a tripod-type director in a light aloft tower on the foremast along with a directing gun (in "Y" turret?). | + | The ships were fitted with a tripod-type director in a light aloft tower on the foremast along with a directing gun (in "Y" turret?).{{DirectorH|pp. 88, 142}} The battery was not divisible into groups for split director firing.{{DirectorH|p. 88}} |
====Secondary Battery==== | ====Secondary Battery==== | ||
| − | The 4-in broadside guns are not listed as ever having had directors installed. | + | The 4-in broadside guns are not listed as ever having had directors installed.{{DirectorH|p. 143}} |
===Torpedo Control=== | ===Torpedo Control=== | ||
| − | [[File:ARTS1913Plate53.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Torpedo Control Systems''' | + | [[File:ARTS1913Plate53.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Torpedo Control Systems'''{{ARTS1913|Plate 53}}]] |
A description of the torpedo control system for this class is found in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913''. It features descriptions of adapted forms of existing Barr and Stroud instruments for torpedo order and the setting of gyro angles. | A description of the torpedo control system for this class is found in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913''. It features descriptions of adapted forms of existing Barr and Stroud instruments for torpedo order and the setting of gyro angles. | ||
===Transmitting Stations=== | ===Transmitting Stations=== | ||
| − | Like all large British ships of the era prior to | + | Like all large British ships of the era prior to {{UK-KingGeorgeV}} and {{UK-QueenMary}}, these ships had two [[T.S.]]es.{{HFCI1914|pp. 6-7}} |
===Dreyer Table=== | ===Dreyer Table=== | ||
| − | As of 1918, ''Inflexible'' still carried the [[Mark I Dreyer Table]] she'd been outfitted with. | + | As of 1918, ''Inflexible'' still carried the [[Mark I Dreyer Table]] she'd been outfitted with.{{DreyerH|p. 3}} ''Invincible'' was lost with her Mark I table at the [[Battle of Jutland]]. It appears likely that ''Indomitable'' never was fitted with a Dreyer table.{{DreyerH|absent from table on p. 3}} |
| − | The ships were never given [[Dreyer Turret Control Table]]s. | + | The ships were never given [[Dreyer Turret Control Table]]s.{{DreyerH|p. 3}} |
===Fire Control Instruments=== | ===Fire Control Instruments=== | ||
| − | By 1909, these ships were equipped with [[Barr and Stroud Mark II Fire Control Instruments|Barr and Stroud Mark II equipment]] for range, orders and deflection. | + | By 1909, these ships were equipped with [[Barr and Stroud Mark II Fire Control Instruments|Barr and Stroud Mark II equipment]] for range, orders and deflection.{{HFCI1909|p. 56}} |
| − | The ''Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909'' lists the Barr and Stroud Mark II equipment on this class as: | + | The ''Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909'' lists the Barr and Stroud Mark II equipment on this class as:{{HFCI1909|p. 58}} |
* Combined Range, Order, Deflection: 8 transmitters, 30 receivers | * Combined Range, Order, Deflection: 8 transmitters, 30 receivers | ||
* Group Switches: 4 | * Group Switches: 4 | ||
| Line 128: | Line 106: | ||
* Range: none | * Range: none | ||
| − | Additionally, in 1909 this class had the following Graham fire control equipment: | + | Additionally, in 1909 this class had the following Graham fire control equipment:{{HFCI1909|p. 58}} |
* Turret fire gongs: 8 with 8 keys | * Turret fire gongs: 8 with 8 keys | ||
* Fire Gongs: none | * Fire Gongs: none | ||
* Captain's Cease Fire Bells: 10 with 1 key | * Captain's Cease Fire Bells: 10 with 1 key | ||
| − | But by the Battle of the | + | But by the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]], {{UK-Inflexible}}'s [[Rudolf_Henry_Cole_Verner|gunnery officer]] reported that she had Siemens fire gongs in place and "an electrical [time-of-flight instrument] which operate[d] a rattler in the control position."<ref>Verner. ''The Battle Cruisers at the Action of the Falkland Islands''. pp. 20-23.</ref> |
| − | The ships had ''Target Visible'' and ''Gun Ready'' signals, indicating which turrets could see the target and which guns were ready in the | + | The ships had ''Target Visible'' and ''Gun Ready'' signals, indicating which turrets could see the target and which guns were ready in the T.S.es and control positions.{{HFCI1914|p. 11}} |
| − | In 1911, it was decided that the three ships should be fitted with "range, buzzer and bearing instruments for communication between control positions, control turrets and transmitting and plotting stations." | + | In 1911, it was decided that the three ships should be fitted with "range, buzzer and bearing instruments for communication between control positions, control turrets and transmitting and plotting stations."{{ARTS1911|p. 95}} |
In 1916, it was approved that the ''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'', should have fire control instruments fitted for their 4-in armament. Apparently they had not had range and deflection before, but it is not clear what else might be entailed.{{ARTS1916|p. 145. Invincible was lost by the time of this mandate}} | In 1916, it was approved that the ''Inflexible'' and ''Indomitable'', should have fire control instruments fitted for their 4-in armament. Apparently they had not had range and deflection before, but it is not clear what else might be entailed.{{ARTS1916|p. 145. Invincible was lost by the time of this mandate}} | ||
| Line 185: | Line 163: | ||
{ship | {ship | ||
name=Indomitable | name=Indomitable | ||
| − | pend=77 (1914)<br>75 (Jan, 1918)<br>05 (Apr, 1918) | + | pend=77 (1914)<br>75 (Jan, 1918)<br>05 (Apr, 1918){{DittColl|p. 35}} |
| − | builder=[[Fairfield, Govan | + | builder=[[Fairfield]], Govan{{Conways1906|p. 24}} |
order= | order= | ||
| − | laid=1 Mar, 1906 | + | laid=1 Mar, 1906{{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|p. 15}} |
| − | launch=16 Mar, 1907 | + | launch=16 Mar, 1907{{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|p. 16}} |
| − | comm=25 Jun, | + | comm=25 Jun, 1908{{Conways1906|p. 24}} |
fate=Sold | fate=Sold | ||
fate2=Scrapped | fate2=Scrapped | ||
| − | fatedate=1 Dec, 1921 | + | fatedate=1 Dec, 1921{{DittColl|p. 35}} |
} | } | ||
{ship | {ship | ||
name=Inflexible | name=Inflexible | ||
| − | pend=83 (1914)<br>75 (January, 1918)<br>47 (April, 1918) | + | pend=83 (1914)<br>75 (January, 1918)<br>47 (April, 1918){{DittColl|p. 35}} |
| − | builder=[[John Brown | + | builder=[[John Brown]], Clydebank<br>(Ship no. 374){{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|Footers}} |
order= | order= | ||
| − | laid=5 Feb, 1906 | + | laid=5 Feb, 1906{{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|p. 15}} |
| − | launch=26 Jun, 1907 | + | launch=26 Jun, 1907{{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|p. 16}} |
| − | comm= | + | comm=Oct, 1908{{Conways1906|p. 24}} |
fate=Sold | fate=Sold | ||
fate2=Scrapped | fate2=Scrapped | ||
| − | fatedate=1 Dec, 1921 | + | fatedate=1 Dec, 1921{{DittColl|p. 35}} |
} | } | ||
| Line 212: | Line 190: | ||
name=Invincible | name=Invincible | ||
pend=85 (1914)<ref>Dittmar; Colledge. ''British Warships 1914–1919''</ref> | pend=85 (1914)<ref>Dittmar; Colledge. ''British Warships 1914–1919''</ref> | ||
| − | builder=[[Armstrong | + | builder=[[Armstrong]], Elswick{{Conways1906|p. 24}} |
| − | order=1906 | + | order=1906 Naval Programme |
| − | laid=2 Apr, 1906 | + | laid=2 Apr, 1906{{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|p. 15}} |
| − | launch=13 Apr, 1907 | + | launch=13 Apr, 1907{{JohnstonClydebankBattlecruisers|p. 16}} |
| − | comm= | + | comm=Mar, 1909{{Conways1906|p. 24}} |
fate=Sunk | fate=Sunk | ||
| − | fate2= | + | fate2=at the [[Battle of Jutland]] |
| − | fatedate=31 May, 1916 | + | fatedate=31 May, 1916{{DittColl|p. 35}} |
} | } | ||
Revision as of 13:37, 20 September 2012
The three Invincible class battlecruisers completed in 1908 and 1909 were the first ships of their type.
Contents
- 1 Construction
- 2 Radio
- 3 Armament
- 4 Fire Control
- 5 See Also
- 6 Footnotes
- 7 Bibliography
- 8 Primary Sources
Construction
The outline design based on Design "E" was approved by the Board of Admiralty on 16 March, 1905. The sheer, midship section, armour and rig drawings were approved on 22 June.[1] Uniquely, the vessels of the Invincible class were not put out for competitive tender and in late 1905 Armstrong's, Fairfield and John Brown were invited to construct the class. The Admiralty's reasoning was to prevent the closure of large private yards and thus lose Britain her competitive edge in shipbuilding.[2]
Radio
According to the ambitions of 1909, these ships had Service Gear Mark II wireless upon completion.[3]
Armament
Main Battery
The four turrets were labelled "A", and "X", on the centre line and "P" to port and "Q" to starboard.[4]
This section is sourced in The Sight Manual, 1916.[5]
The eight 12-in guns were Mark X mounted in B VIII turrets. The mountings could elevate 13.5 degrees and depress 5 degrees.
The gun sights were gear-worked sights with telescopes (not periscopes) with a range gearing constant of 48 and limited to 15 degrees elevation, but 6 degree super-elevation prisms would have been provided by 1916.
The deflection gearing constant was 70, with 1 knot equalling 2.53 arc minutes, calculated as 2700 fps at 5000 yards. Range drums were provided for 2 CRH projectiles at full charge at 2625 fps, reduced charge at 2250 fps, as well as 6-pdr sub-calibre gun and .303-in aiming rifles. By some time in 1916, dials and drums were on hand for 4 CRH heads.
Muzzle velocity was corrected by adjustable pointer between +/- 75 fps. The adjustable temperature scale plate could vary between 60 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit,[Fact Check] and a "C" corrector could alter the ballistic coefficient by at least +/- 15% and possibly 20% as in other sights.[Fact Check]
Deflection was corrected by inclining the sight bracket by 2 degrees.
The side position sighting lines were 36 inches above and 41.25 inches abreast the bore, and the central scopes were 37.5 inches above and 42 inches abreast.
Secondary Battery
Torpedoes
In 1913, it was approved, as part of a general reallocation of 18-in torpedoes, to replace the torpedoes on Invincible class and Warrior class except {UK-Cochrane}} with Mark VI** H. or Mark VI** H. torpedoes.[6]
Fire Control
Range Dials
As of 1920, it appears that these battlecruisers were unique in that they did not receive such equipment.Template:UKManGun1020III It may have been indicative of the belief their service would not continue much further.
Rangefinders
The ships were completed with two 9-ft rangefinders, one in each control top. Between 1911 and 1914, a third 9-ft rangefinder was added to "A" turret, based upon their successful incorporation in later units of the Indefatigable class.[7]
Additional turret-top rangefinders were added as time went on. Inflexible had them at least from 1917 atop "P" and "Q" turrets.[8]
Sometime during or after 1917, an additional 9-foot rangefinder on an open mounting was to be added specifically to augment torpedo control.[9]
Evershed Bearing Indicators
All units were likely fitted with this equipment by late 1914.[10]
The transmitting positions were
- Fore control platform (transmitters to port and starboard with a local switch to select one in use)
- "A" turret
- "X" turret
- Upper aft conning tower
The protocols for how her crew should handle wooding of the turrets was outlined in the Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914.[11]
Mechanical Aid-to-Spotter
At some point, Indomitable and Inflexible were equipped with a pair of Mechanical Aid-to-Spotter Mark Is, one on each side of the foretop, keyed off the Evershed rack on the director. As the need for such gear was apparently first identified in early 1916, it seems likely that these installations were effected well after Jutland.[12]
Gunnery Control
The control arrangements were likely as follows.[13]
Control Positions
The ships featured control positions in:[14]
- Fore top, this being the preferred one
- Main top
- "A" turret
- "X" turret[Inference]
Some ships had changeover switches within the control positions so they could be connected to either T.S.[15]
Control Groups
The four 12-in turrets were separate groups, each with a local C.O.S.[Inference] so that it could be connected to
- Forward T.S.
- After T.S.
- Local control from officer's position within turret
Directors
Main Battery
The ships were fitted with a tripod-type director in a light aloft tower on the foremast along with a directing gun (in "Y" turret?).[16] The battery was not divisible into groups for split director firing.[17]
Secondary Battery
The 4-in broadside guns are not listed as ever having had directors installed.[18]
Torpedo Control
A description of the torpedo control system for this class is found in the Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. It features descriptions of adapted forms of existing Barr and Stroud instruments for torpedo order and the setting of gyro angles.
Transmitting Stations
Like all large British ships of the era prior to King George V and Queen Mary, these ships had two T.S.es.[20]
Dreyer Table
As of 1918, Inflexible still carried the Mark I Dreyer Table she'd been outfitted with.[21] Invincible was lost with her Mark I table at the Battle of Jutland. It appears likely that Indomitable never was fitted with a Dreyer table.[22]
The ships were never given Dreyer Turret Control Tables.[23]
Fire Control Instruments
By 1909, these ships were equipped with Barr and Stroud Mark II equipment for range, orders and deflection.[24]
The Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909 lists the Barr and Stroud Mark II equipment on this class as:[25]
- Combined Range, Order, Deflection: 8 transmitters, 30 receivers
- Group Switches: 4
- Rate: 4 transmitters, 16 receivers
- Bearing: none
- Range: none
Additionally, in 1909 this class had the following Graham fire control equipment:[26]
- Turret fire gongs: 8 with 8 keys
- Fire Gongs: none
- Captain's Cease Fire Bells: 10 with 1 key
But by the Battle of the Falkland Islands, Inflexible's gunnery officer reported that she had Siemens fire gongs in place and "an electrical [time-of-flight instrument] which operate[d] a rattler in the control position."[27]
The ships had Target Visible and Gun Ready signals, indicating which turrets could see the target and which guns were ready in the T.S.es and control positions.[28]
In 1911, it was decided that the three ships should be fitted with "range, buzzer and bearing instruments for communication between control positions, control turrets and transmitting and plotting stations."[29]
In 1916, it was approved that the Inflexible and Indomitable, should have fire control instruments fitted for their 4-in armament. Apparently they had not had range and deflection before, but it is not clear what else might be entailed.[30]
See Also
Footnotes
- ↑ Roberts. Battlecruisers. p. 25.
- ↑ Lambert. Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution. pp. 147-148.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1908. Wireless Appendix, p. 13.
- ↑ Manual of Gunnery (Volume I. Part I.) for His Majesty's Fleet, 1907. p. 1.
- ↑ The Sight Manual, 1916. pp. 4, 40, 106, 108-109, Plates 14-15.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. p. 8.
- ↑ Roberts. Battlecruisers. pp. 90-91.
- ↑ Roberts. Battlecruisers. Photo page 82.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 198. (C.I.O. 481/17).
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. p. 34.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. p. 34.
- ↑ The Technical History and Index, Vol. 3, Part 23. pp. 25-26.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. pp. 7-8. (some inferences drawn due to fundamental differences between this design and that of Orion to which it is likened).
- ↑ Roberts. Battlecruisers. pp. 90-91.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. p. 7.
- ↑ The Director Firing Handbook. pp. 88, 142.
- ↑ The Director Firing Handbook. p. 88.
- ↑ The Director Firing Handbook. p. 143.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. Plate 53.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. pp. 6-7.
- ↑ Handbook of Captain F. C. Dreyer's Fire Control Tables, 1918. p. 3.
- ↑ Handbook of Captain F. C. Dreyer's Fire Control Tables, 1918. absent from table on p. 3.
- ↑ Handbook of Captain F. C. Dreyer's Fire Control Tables, 1918. p. 3.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909. p. 56.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909. p. 58.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909. p. 58.
- ↑ Verner. The Battle Cruisers at the Action of the Falkland Islands. pp. 20-23.
- ↑ Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. p. 11.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1911. p. 95.
- ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916. p. 145. Invincible was lost by the time of this mandate.
Bibliography
- Template:BrooksDreadnoughtGunnery
- Lambert, Nicholas A. (1999). Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1570032777.
- Roberts, John (1997). Battlecruisers. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 186176006X. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557500681. (on Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk).
- Sumida, Jon Tetsuro (1989). In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914. Winchester, Mass.: Unwin Hyman, Inc.. ISBN 0044451040. (on Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk).
- David K Brown. The Design of HMS Inflexible in Warship, Issue 5.
Primary Sources
- National Maritime Museum. ADM 138/284 and 285.
- H.M.S. Vernon. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1911, with Appendix (Wireless Telegraphy). Copy 15 at The National Archives. ADM 189/31.
- H.M.S. Vernon. (Feb 1914) Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913, with Appendix (Wireless Telegraphy). Copy 42 at The National Archives. ADM 189/33.
- Admiralty, Technical History Section (1919). The Technical History and Index: Fire Control in H.M. Ships. Vol. 3, Part 23. C.B. 1515 (23) now O.U. 6171/14. At The National Archives. ADM 275/19.
- Admiralty, Gunnery Branch (1910). Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1909. Copy No. 173 is Ja 345a at Admiralty Library, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
- Admiralty, Gunnery Branch (1914). Handbook for Fire Control Instruments, 1914. G. 01627/14. C.B. 1030. Copy 1235 at The National Archives. ADM 186/191.
- Admiralty, Gunnery Branch (1917). The Director Firing Handbook. O.U. 6125 (late C.B. 1259). Copy No. 322 at The National Archives. ADM 186/227.
- Admiralty, Gunnery Branch (1918). Handbook of Captain F. C. Dreyer's Fire Control Tables, 1918. C.B. 1456. Copy No. 10 at Admiralty Library, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
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