Difference between revisions of "21-in Mark II Torpedo (UK)"

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[[File:ARTS11909Plate1.jpg|thumb|600px|'''R.G.F. Torpedoes Mark I and II, 1909'''{{ARTS1909|Plate 1}}]]
+
[[File:ARTS1909Plate1.jpg|thumb|600px|'''R.G.F. Torpedoes Mark I and II, 1909'''{{ARTS1909|Plate 1}}]]
 
The '''21-in R.G.F. Mark II Torpedo''' was a British torpedo developed at the [[Royal Gun Factory]] and first ordered for service in 1909-1910.{{CN}}
 
The '''21-in R.G.F. Mark II Torpedo''' was a British torpedo developed at the [[Royal Gun Factory]] and first ordered for service in 1909-1910.{{CN}}
  
 
==Development and History==
 
==Development and History==
It was developed in parallel with the Mark I torpedo, which was shorter.
+
It was developed in parallel with the [[21-in R.G.F. Mark I Torpedo|Mark I torpedo]], which was shorter at 18.5 feet.
  
===Particulars===
+
===Mark II===
<!--
+
In 1909-1910, 4 hook bracket torpedoes were ordered.{{CN}}
The final design's characteristics are detailed in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1901''.{{ARTS1901|pp. 36-7}}
+
The construction was very similar in materials to the 14-in Mark IX torpedo.
+
  
* Diameter: 17.71 inches
+
By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.{{ARTS1917|p. 27}}
* Length: 16 feet, 7.4 inches
+
* Weight with pistol, without air: 1,156 pounds
+
* Metacentric height: at least .575 inches
+
* C.G. distance from tip of shaft, no air: 114.175 inches
+
* C.G. distance from tip of shaft, 60 pounds air: 114.35 inches
+
* Warhead:  200 pounds wet guncotton
+
It carried a charge of 170 pounds, 15 ounces &ndash; the same as in the [[18-in R.G.F. Mark III Torpedo|Mark III torpedo]].
+
  
It had a Brotherhood engine of 3.25x3 inches.
+
In May, 1918, the torpedo and its Mark II* variant were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2350 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
* 44.5 knots to 4,200 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 23 knots to 14,000 yards (Medium Speed)
 +
* 18 knots to 17,000 yards (E.R.)
  
Mean pitch of propellors was 40 inchesWhen charged with air, the torpedo must pass through a gauge 9 inches long and 17.725 inches internal diameter.
+
The 2350 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2200Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.
  
With pistol and charged with 60 pounds of air was ballasted and adjusted to float horizontally and upright in salt water at a density of 1.026 and 60 degree temperature.  In fresh water, with pistol and no air, it had a buoyancy of 31 pounds.  
+
In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
  
The proof and passing tests were six runs when charged to 1,350 psi:
+
In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II and II* H.B. and S.L. torpedoes should be withdrawn from all ships and used as reserves and for special practices.{{ARTS1920|p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
* two runs from a submerged frame at target 800 yards distant
+
* two runs from an A.W. tube at least four feet above the water at a target 400 yards away
+
* one run above water at target 800 yards away
+
* one run from submerged frame at target 800 yards away
+
  
The limits of deviation permitted were:
+
Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards &ndash; 1,000 yards less than previously.  This required issuance of a new deflection disc for [[Torpedo Control Disc Mark III*]] numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the [[Iron Duke Class Battleship (1912)|''Iron Duke'']] and [[King George V Class Battleship (1911)|''King George V'']] classes, as well as {{UK-Thunderer|f=p}}.{{ARTS1913|p. 126}}
* lateral deviation from the submerged frame must be less than 12 yards either way throughout run
+
* from A.W. tube, lateral deviation of 8 yards at 400 yards or 24 yards at 600 yards
+
* deviation from set depth not to exceed +/- 18 inches
+
  
The speeds required were:
+
===Mark II*===
* not less than 30 knots to 600 yards and 29 knots to 800 yards in 60 degrees and warmer
+
Introduced in 1914, these featured rectified threads throughout, air vessel pressures of 2,350 psi for 10,750 yard range and two other improvements.{{ARTS1914|p. 9}}
* not less than 29.5 knots to 600 yards and 28.5 to 800 yards in 50-60 degrees
+
* at least 29 knots to 600 yards and 28 knots to 800 yards in water colder than 50 degrees
+
  
Endurance was tested in just one torpedo in a batch of twenty, after passing the above tests:
+
By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.{{ARTS1917|p. 27}}
# make six short runs from above water gun 10 feet or more above water
+
 
# be fired from submerged frame and pass within 14 yards of target at 800 yards
+
In May, 1918, the torpedo and its Mark II ancestor were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2350 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
# it must then "shew no signs of weakness or distortion"
+
* 44.5 knots to 4,200 yards (High Speed)
-->
+
* 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
==Manufacture and Use==
+
* 23 knots to 14,000 yards (Medium Speed)
In 1909-1910, 4 hook bracket torpedoes were ordered.{{CN}}
+
* 18 knots to 17,000 yards (E.R.)
 +
 
 +
The 2350 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2200.  Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.
 +
 
 +
In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
 
 +
In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II and II* H.B. and S.L. torpedoes should be withdrawn from all ships and used as reserves and for special practices.{{ARTS1920|p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
 +
 
 +
Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards &ndash; 1,000 yards less than previously.  This required issuance of a new deflection disc for [[Torpedo Control Disc Mark III*]] numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the [[Iron Duke Class Battleship (1912)|''Iron Duke'']] and [[King George V Class Battleship (1911)|''King George V'']] classes, as well as {{UK-Thunderer|f=p}}.{{ARTS1913|p. 126}}
 +
 
 +
===Mark II**===
 +
Introduced in 1914, these included the improvements of the II** and added three other small features.{{ARTS1914|p. 9}}
 +
 
 +
By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.{{ARTS1917|p. 27}}
 +
 
 +
In May, 1918, the Mark II**-II*** torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
* 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 23 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
 +
* 18 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)
 +
 
 +
The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350.  Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.
 +
 
 +
In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
 
 +
In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks.  The Mark II** to Mark II*** S.L. torpedoes would go to leaders and destroyers of local defence flotillas and in reserve except "S", "V" and "W" class destroyers, which would all get [[21-in Mark IV* Torpedo (UK)|Mark IV* torpedoes]].{{ARTS1920|p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
 +
 
 +
===Mark II***===
 +
By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.{{ARTS1917|p. 27}}
 +
 
 +
In submarine use (at least), in 1917 it was decided that they were to deliver:{{ARTS1917|pp 25-26}}
 +
* 45 knots to 4,200 yards
 +
* 29 knots to 10,750 yards
 +
 
 +
In May, 1918, the Mark II**-II*** torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
* 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 23 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
 +
* 18 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)
 +
 
 +
The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350.  Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.
 +
 
 +
In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
 
 +
In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks.{{ARTS1920|p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
 +
 
 +
Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards &ndash; 1,000 yards less than previously.  This required issuance of a new deflection disc for [[Torpedo Control Disc Mark III*]] numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the [[Iron Duke Class Battleship (1912)|''Iron Duke'']] and [[King George V Class Battleship (1911)|''King George V'']] classes, as well as {{UK-Thunderer|f=p}}.{{ARTS1913|p. 126}}
 +
 
 +
===Mark II****===
 +
In 1915, Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet wanted a proportion of torpedoes able to reach the greatest possible range.  By year's end, trials of a torpedo with a projected range of 18,000 yards at 19-20 knots were anticipated.  This initiative was to result in the creation of the Extreme Range (E.R.) torpedoes by the end of 1916, and they were intended to be used against the enemy battle line, two torpedoes of the latest type from each battleship and battle cruiser to be fitted for this new setting.{{ARTS1915|p. 37}}{{ARTS1916|pp. 43-46}}
 +
 
 +
The torpedoes were described in further detail in 1916, differing in seven details from the II***, including a tappet engine, wider gyroscope rudders and a "bye-pass valve on group" in torpedoes after No. 1168 R.N.T.F. and No. 1925 Whitehead & Co..  They could share warheads with earlier Mark IIs.{{ARTS1916|p. 40}}
 +
 
 +
By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.{{ARTS1917|p. 27}}
 +
 
 +
In submarine use (at least), in 1917 it was decided that they were to deliver:{{ARTS1917|pp 25-26}}
 +
* 45 knots to 4,200 yards
 +
* 29 knots to 10,750 yards
 +
 
 +
In May, 1918, the Mark II**-II*** torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
* 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 23 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
 +
* 18 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)
 +
 
 +
The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350.  Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.
 +
 
 +
In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
 
 +
In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks.{{ARTS1920|p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
 +
 
 +
Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards &ndash; 1,000 yards less than previously.  This required issuance of a new deflection disc for [[Torpedo Control Disc Mark III*]] numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the [[Iron Duke Class Battleship (1912)|''Iron Duke'']] and [[King George V Class Battleship (1911)|''King George V'']] classes, as well as {{UK-Thunderer|f=p}}.{{ARTS1913|p. 126}}
 +
 
 +
===Mark II*****===
 +
The torpedoes were first described in 1916, differing in six details from their near-contemporary II****, including that the ranges were not marked on the shell and that they had a new three-speed generator that allowed the E.R. setting to be selected rather than hard-plumbed into a given torpedo.{{ARTS1916|pp. 40-41, 44}}
 +
 
 +
In May, 1918, these torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
 +
* 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
 +
* 24 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
 +
* 19 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)
 +
 
 +
The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350.  Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.
 +
 
 +
In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.{{GFGTO|p. 16}}
  
<!--
+
In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks.  The Mark II***** S.L. torpedoes would go to {{UK-Canterbury}}, the ''Caroline'' class and the ''Aurora'' class (except {{UK-1Inconstant}}, which would retain her existing {{Torp|21-in Mark IV|UK}}).{{ARTS1920|p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
==Mark II*==
+
  
==Mark II**==
 
-->
 
 
==Footnotes==
 
==Footnotes==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 08:48, 29 March 2018

R.G.F. Torpedoes Mark I and II, 1909[1]

The 21-in R.G.F. Mark II Torpedo was a British torpedo developed at the Royal Gun Factory and first ordered for service in 1909-1910.[Citation needed]

Development and History

It was developed in parallel with the Mark I torpedo, which was shorter at 18.5 feet.

Mark II

In 1909-1910, 4 hook bracket torpedoes were ordered.[Citation needed]

By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.[2]

In May, 1918, the torpedo and its Mark II* variant were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2350 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:[3]

  • 44.5 knots to 4,200 yards (High Speed)
  • 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
  • 23 knots to 14,000 yards (Medium Speed)
  • 18 knots to 17,000 yards (E.R.)

The 2350 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2200. Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.

In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.[4]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II and II* H.B. and S.L. torpedoes should be withdrawn from all ships and used as reserves and for special practices.[5]

Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards – 1,000 yards less than previously. This required issuance of a new deflection disc for Torpedo Control Disc Mark III* numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the Iron Duke and King George V classes, as well as H.M.S. Thunderer.[6]

Mark II*

Introduced in 1914, these featured rectified threads throughout, air vessel pressures of 2,350 psi for 10,750 yard range and two other improvements.[7]

By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.[8]

In May, 1918, the torpedo and its Mark II ancestor were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2350 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:[9]

  • 44.5 knots to 4,200 yards (High Speed)
  • 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
  • 23 knots to 14,000 yards (Medium Speed)
  • 18 knots to 17,000 yards (E.R.)

The 2350 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2200. Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.

In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.[10]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II and II* H.B. and S.L. torpedoes should be withdrawn from all ships and used as reserves and for special practices.[11]

Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards – 1,000 yards less than previously. This required issuance of a new deflection disc for Torpedo Control Disc Mark III* numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the Iron Duke and King George V classes, as well as H.M.S. Thunderer.[12]

Mark II**

Introduced in 1914, these included the improvements of the II** and added three other small features.[13]

By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.[14]

In May, 1918, the Mark II**-II*** torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:[15]

  • 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
  • 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
  • 23 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
  • 18 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)

The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350. Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.

In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.[16]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks. The Mark II** to Mark II*** S.L. torpedoes would go to leaders and destroyers of local defence flotillas and in reserve except "S", "V" and "W" class destroyers, which would all get Mark IV* torpedoes.[17]

Mark II***

By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.[18]

In submarine use (at least), in 1917 it was decided that they were to deliver:[19]

  • 45 knots to 4,200 yards
  • 29 knots to 10,750 yards

In May, 1918, the Mark II**-II*** torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:[20]

  • 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
  • 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
  • 23 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
  • 18 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)

The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350. Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.

In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.[21]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks.[22]

Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards – 1,000 yards less than previously. This required issuance of a new deflection disc for Torpedo Control Disc Mark III* numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the Iron Duke and King George V classes, as well as H.M.S. Thunderer.[23]

Mark II****

In 1915, Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet wanted a proportion of torpedoes able to reach the greatest possible range. By year's end, trials of a torpedo with a projected range of 18,000 yards at 19-20 knots were anticipated. This initiative was to result in the creation of the Extreme Range (E.R.) torpedoes by the end of 1916, and they were intended to be used against the enemy battle line, two torpedoes of the latest type from each battleship and battle cruiser to be fitted for this new setting.[24][25]

The torpedoes were described in further detail in 1916, differing in seven details from the II***, including a tappet engine, wider gyroscope rudders and a "bye-pass valve on group" in torpedoes after No. 1168 R.N.T.F. and No. 1925 Whitehead & Co.. They could share warheads with earlier Mark IIs.[26]

By the end of 1917, these torpedoes had all been converted to E.R. 3 design.[27]

In submarine use (at least), in 1917 it was decided that they were to deliver:[28]

  • 45 knots to 4,200 yards
  • 29 knots to 10,750 yards

In May, 1918, the Mark II**-II*** torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:[29]

  • 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
  • 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
  • 23 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
  • 18 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)

The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350. Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.

In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.[30]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks.[31]

Early in 1923, all Mark II-II**** torpedoes had their low speed performance downgraded to 23 knots to 13,000 yards – 1,000 yards less than previously. This required issuance of a new deflection disc for Torpedo Control Disc Mark III* numbered T. 226A to all ships carrying these weapons, meaning ships of the Iron Duke and King George V classes, as well as H.M.S. Thunderer.[32]

Mark II*****

The torpedoes were first described in 1916, differing in six details from their near-contemporary II****, including that the ranges were not marked on the shell and that they had a new three-speed generator that allowed the E.R. setting to be selected rather than hard-plumbed into a given torpedo.[33]

In May, 1918, these torpedoes were noted as having the following settings at a charge of 2500 pounds per square inch, though each torpedo would have either the 35 or 44.5 knot setting, but not both:[34]

  • 44.5 knots to 4,500 yards (High Speed)
  • 35 knots to 6,000 yards (High Speed)
  • 24 knots to 15,000 yards (Medium Speed)
  • 19 knots to 18,000 yards (E.R.)

The 2500 psi pressure was the "action" pressure; normal was 2350. Ranges were 300 yards less at 44.5 knots and 1,000 yards less at lower speeds at the normal pressure.

In December, 1918, the performance and settings were unchanged.[35]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that Mark II** to Mark II***** H.B. torpedoes should be allocated to capital ships and light cruisers presently armed with Mark II to Mark II***** torpedoes, enriching the full commission ships with the latest Marks. The Mark II***** S.L. torpedoes would go to Canterbury, the Caroline class and the Aurora class (except Inconstant, which would retain her existing 21-in Mark IV torpedo).[36]

Footnotes

  1. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1909. Plate 1.
  2. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 27.
  3. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  4. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  5. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).
  6. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. p. 126.
  7. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1914. p. 9.
  8. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 27.
  9. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  10. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  11. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).
  12. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. p. 126.
  13. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1914. p. 9.
  14. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 27.
  15. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  16. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  17. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).
  18. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 27.
  19. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. pp 25-26.
  20. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  21. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  22. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).
  23. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. p. 126.
  24. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1915. p. 37.
  25. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916. pp. 43-46.
  26. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916. p. 40.
  27. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 27.
  28. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. pp 25-26.
  29. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  30. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  31. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).
  32. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1913. p. 126.
  33. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916. pp. 40-41, 44.
  34. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  35. Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. p. 16.
  36. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 6. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).

Bibliography

See Also