Difference between revisions of ""W" Class Destroyer (1917)"

From The Dreadnought Project
Jump to: navigation, search
(add to featured ship class cat)
(Directors)
 
(35 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 17: Line 17:
 
! align=center | Fate
 
! align=center | Fate
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Wakeful|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Wakeful}}
|[[John Brown]]
+
|[[John Brown & Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|6 Oct, 1917
 
|6 Oct, 1917
Line 24: Line 24:
 
|Torpedoed 29 May, 1940
 
|Torpedoed 29 May, 1940
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Watchman|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Watchman}}
|[[John Brown]]
+
|[[John Brown & Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|2 Nov, 1917
 
|2 Nov, 1917
Line 31: Line 31:
 
| 23 Jul, 1945
 
| 23 Jul, 1945
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Walpole|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Walpole}}
|[[Doxford]]
+
|[[William Doxford & Sons]]
 
|
 
|
 
|12 Feb, 1918
 
|12 Feb, 1918
Line 38: Line 38:
 
| 8 Feb, 1945
 
| 8 Feb, 1945
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Whitley|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Whitley}}
|[[Doxford]]
+
|[[William Doxford & Sons]]
 
|
 
|
 
|13 Apr, 1918
 
|13 Apr, 1918
Line 45: Line 45:
 
|Bombed 19 May, 1940
 
|Bombed 19 May, 1940
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Walker|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Walker}}
|[[Denny]]
+
|[[William Denny & Brothers]]
 
|
 
|
 
|29 Nov, 1917
 
|29 Nov, 1917
Line 52: Line 52:
 
| 15 Mar, 1946
 
| 15 Mar, 1946
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Westcott|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Westcott}}
|[[Denny]]
+
|[[William Denny & Brothers]]
 
|
 
|
 
|14 Feb, 1918
 
|14 Feb, 1918
Line 59: Line 59:
 
| 8 Jan, 1946
 
| 8 Jan, 1946
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Walrus|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Walrus}}
|Fairfield]]
+
|[[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|27 Dec, 1917
 
|27 Dec, 1917
Line 66: Line 66:
 
|Stranded 12 Feb, 1938
 
|Stranded 12 Feb, 1938
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Wolfhound|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Wolfhound}}
|Fairfield]]
+
|[[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|14 Mar, 1918
 
|14 Mar, 1918
Line 73: Line 73:
 
| 18 Feb, 1948
 
| 18 Feb, 1948
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Warwick|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Warwick}}
|[[Hawthorn Leslie]]
+
|[[Hawthorn Leslie & Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|28 Dec, 1917
 
|28 Dec, 1917
Line 80: Line 80:
 
|Torpedoed 20 Feb, 1944
 
|Torpedoed 20 Feb, 1944
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Wessex|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Wessex}}
|[[Hawthorn Leslie]]
+
|[[Hawthorn Leslie & Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|12 Mar, 1918
 
|12 Mar, 1918
Line 87: Line 87:
 
|Sunk 24 May, 1940
 
|Sunk 24 May, 1940
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Voyager|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Voyager}}
|[[A. Stephen]]
+
|[[Alexander Stephen & Sons]]
 
|
 
|
 
|8 May, 1918
 
|8 May, 1918
Line 94: Line 94:
 
|Grounded 23 Sep, 1942
 
|Grounded 23 Sep, 1942
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Whirlwind|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Whirlwind}}
 
|[[Swan Hunter]]
 
|[[Swan Hunter]]
 
|
 
|
Line 101: Line 101:
 
|Torpedoed 5 Jul, 1940
 
|Torpedoed 5 Jul, 1940
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Wrestler|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Wrestler}}
 
|[[Swan Hunter]]
 
|[[Swan Hunter]]
 
|
 
|
Line 108: Line 108:
 
| 20 Jul, 1944
 
| 20 Jul, 1944
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Winchelsea|y=1917}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Winchelsea}}
|[[J. S. White]]
+
|[[J. Samuel White]]
 
|
 
|
 
|15 Dec, 1917
 
|15 Dec, 1917
Line 115: Line 115:
 
| 20 Mar, 1945
 
| 20 Mar, 1945
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Winchester|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Winchester}}
|[[J. S. White]]
+
|[[J. Samuel White]]
 
|
 
|
 
|1 Feb, 1918
 
|1 Feb, 1918
Line 122: Line 122:
 
| 5 Mar, 1946
 
| 5 Mar, 1946
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Westminster|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Westminster}}
|[[Scott]]
+
|[[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|1918
 
|1918
Line 129: Line 129:
 
| 4 Mar, 1947
 
| 4 Mar, 1947
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Windsor|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Windsor}}
|[[Scott]]
+
|[[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|21 Jun, 1918
 
|21 Jun, 1918
Line 136: Line 136:
 
| 4 Mar, 1947
 
| 4 Mar, 1947
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Wryneck|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Wryneck}}
|[[Palmer]]
+
|[[Palmer Shipbuilding and Iron Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|13 May, 1918
 
|13 May, 1918
Line 143: Line 143:
 
|Sunk 27 Apr, 1941
 
|Sunk 27 Apr, 1941
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Waterhen|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Waterhen}}
|[[Palmer]]
+
|[[Palmer Shipbuilding and Iron Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|26 Mar, 1918
 
|26 Mar, 1918
Line 150: Line 150:
 
|Foundered 30 Jun, 1941
 
|Foundered 30 Jun, 1941
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Wolsey|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Wolsey}}
|[[Thornycroft]]
+
|[[John I. Thornycroft & Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|16 Mar, 1918
 
|16 Mar, 1918
Line 157: Line 157:
 
| 4 Mar, 1947
 
| 4 Mar, 1947
 
|- align=left
 
|- align=left
| {{UK-Woolston|y=1918}}
+
| {{Template:UK-Woolston}}
|[[Thornycroft]]
+
|[[John I. Thornycroft & Company]]
 
|
 
|
 
|27 Apr, 1918
 
|27 Apr, 1918
Line 165: Line 165:
 
|}
 
|}
 
</div name=fredbot:ships>
 
</div name=fredbot:ships>
<!--
 
==Performance==
 
  
 
==Armament==
 
==Armament==
  
 
===4-in Guns===
 
===4-in Guns===
 +
* Four 4-in Q.F. Mark V guns on {{Mount|C.P. II|UK}}s{{UKDirectorFiringDestroyers1918|p. 55}}
  
 
===Other Guns===
 
===Other Guns===
-->
 
  
 
===Torpedoes===
 
===Torpedoes===
<!--
 
As in the preceding class, they had two twin 21-in tubes on the centre line (4x2) enjoying 50 degree arcs centered on the beam.{{March|Plate 18/B}}
 
-->
 
  
===Other Weapons===
+
* Two [[21-in T.R. Mark I Torpedo Tube (UK)|21-in T.R. Mark I tubes]] (2x3){{ARTS1917|p. 210}}
 +
 
 +
This new mounting inaugurated the triple tube format for the Royal Navy, offering destroyers three times the ready torpedo numbers of destroyers designed just six years previously..{{ARTS1917|p. 76, 77}}
 +
 
 +
In mid-1920, it was ordered that [["S" Class Destroyer (1918)|"S"]], [["V" Class Destroyer (1917)|"V"]] and "W" class destroyers should be allocated the {{Torp|21-in Mark IV*|UK}}.{{ARTS1920|pp. 6-7. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920)}}
  
 
==Fire Control==
 
==Fire Control==
<!--
 
By 1915, at least, these ships also had fixed voice pipes installed between decks with the last lengths being flexible (one voice pipe for gunnery, one for torpedoes) fitted between bridge and guns, torpedo tubes, and searchlights.  A third voicepipe, entirely flexible, ran from bridge to the forward gun.<ref>''Manual of Gunnery, Vol. III., 1915.'', p. 150.</ref>
 
-->
 
  
===Instruments===
+
===Mid 1916 Outfit===
 +
Experiments from February with two Grand Fleet destroyers employing [[Dumaresq|dumaresqs]] and [[Vickers Range Clock]]s and voicepipes showed definite advantages over ships using unaided spotting and voicepipes, even when the crews had no special training in the new equipment.  Tests were also conducted to find a rangefinder suitable to the lively and cramped platform that destroyers provided.  This led to an order on 3 April, 1916 that each T.B.D. of "M" class and later should be equipped with:{{UKTH23|p. 31}}{{UKProgressInNavalGunnery1914-1918|p. 35}}
 +
* one [[Waymouth-Cooke Rangefinder|Waymouth-Cooke sextant rangefinder]]
 +
* one [[Vickers Range Clock]]
 +
* one Dumaresq
 +
* range and deflection receivers at each gun
  
===Rangefinders===
+
Two ratings, trained before coming aboard, were added to the crew to work the equipment.  The clocks and rangefinders were issued in the following three months, and the dumaresqs a few months later.  The data instruments did not become available in numbers until 1917.  By mid-1917, the whole system was broadly in place in the destroyers of the Grand Fleet and in the [[Harwich Force]].{{UKTH23|pp. 31, 32}}  It seems likely that this class would have followed on the same pattern.{{INF}}
 +
 
 +
In 1918, it was ordered that the ''Scott'' class flotilla leaders and destroyers of "V" and "W" classes should have range and deflection receivers for their 3-in H.A. guns and fire gongs worked off the firing key used for the ships' L.A. weaponry.{{ARTS1918|p. 376. (C.I.O. 11/18, G. 39278/17)}}
  
 
===Directors===
 
===Directors===
On 26 April, 1918, {{UK-Wolsey}} had her director tilt tested at Southampton.<ref>''Director Firing for Flotilla Leaders and Destroyers, 1918'', p. 45.</ref>
+
[[File:ARTS1917Plate100.jpg|thumb|480px|'''Firing Circuits'''{{ARTS1917|Plate100}}]]
 +
[[File:ARTS1917Plate101.jpg|thumb|480px|'''Training and Slewing Circuits'''{{ARTS1917|Plate101}}]]
 +
In 1917, it was approved that the "V" class and later destroyers should all receive installations of the [[British Destroyer Director Firing System]],{{ARTS1917|p. 229}} but none of these installations were completed prior to 1918.{{UKProgressInNavalGunnery1914-1918|p. 37}}
 +
 
 +
The ''Director Firing Handbook, 1917'' reports that they were to receive [[Small Type Training Receiver]]s of pattern number 20 on #1, #2 guns, and pattern number 21 on #3 and #4.{{DirectorH|p. 146}}
 +
 
 +
On 26 April, 1918, {{UK-Wolsey}} had her director tilt tested at Southampton.{{UKDirectorFiringDestroyers1918|p. 45}}
 +
 
 +
In 1918, it was ordered that those destroyers with director installations were to additionally receive:{{ARTS1918|p. 376. (C.I.O. 1081/18, G. 24486/15)}}
 +
* a voice pipe from {{TS}} to director
 +
* a fire gong at director worked from existing push in {{TS}}
 +
* a fire gong push on fore bridge to be added, wired in parallel to that in the T.S.
 +
* the repeat receivers on the fore bridge were to be positioned so as to be visible to the director sightsetter.
 +
 
 +
===Rangefinders===
 +
By 1921, all four-gun destroyers mounted a 1m [[F.T. 27]] RF on a [[M.H. 37]] mounting or a 9ft [[F.Q. 2]] on an [[M.Q. 12]] mount on their fore bridge.{{HRFs1921|p. 168}}
  
 
==Torpedo Control==
 
==Torpedo Control==
 +
[[File:ARTS1917Plate82.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Torpedo Control Circuits in "W" class'''{{ARTS1917|p. 210. Plate 82}}]]
 +
[[File:ARTS1917Plate86.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Chadburn's Order and Deflection Equipment'''{{ARTS1917|Plate 86}}]]
 +
 +
The destroyers had sighting positions on both sides of a bridge that had been enlarged from earlier destroyers with firing pushes and keys for sounding buzzers at the tubes.  The [[Chadburn's Torpedo Telegraph]] transmitters for both order and deflection transmitters were situated centrally on a panel on the bridge, between the two sights.  Battery-worked electrical firing and firing gongs augmented this arrangement.{{ARTS1917|pp. 210, 211.  Plate 82}}
  
 
==Alterations==
 
==Alterations==
Line 200: Line 222:
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
 +
{{refbegin}}
 
{{WP|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_and_W_class_destroyer}}
 
{{WP|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_and_W_class_destroyer}}
 +
{{refend}}
  
 
==Footnotes==
 
==Footnotes==
Line 234: Line 258:
 
name=Wakeful
 
name=Wakeful
 
pend=F.37 (Jan 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=F.37 (Jan 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[John Brown]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[John Brown & Company]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order=December, 1916{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order=December, 1916{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 258: Line 282:
 
name=Walpole
 
name=Walpole
 
pend=F.15 (Sep 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=F.15 (Sep 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[Doxford]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[William Doxford & Sons]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 282: Line 306:
 
name=Walker
 
name=Walker
 
pend=G.22 (Jan 1918)<br>G.08 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=G.22 (Jan 1918)<br>G.08 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[Denny]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[William Denny & Brothers]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 304: Line 328:
 
name=Walrus
 
name=Walrus
 
pend=G.17 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=G.17 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=Fairfield]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 328: Line 352:
 
name=Warwick
 
name=Warwick
 
pend=H.38 (Apr 1918)<br>''none'' (Sep 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=H.38 (Apr 1918)<br>''none'' (Sep 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[Hawthorn Leslie]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[Hawthorn Leslie & Company]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 354: Line 378:
 
name=Voyager
 
name=Voyager
 
pend=G.36 (Jun 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=G.36 (Jun 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[A. Stephen]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[Alexander Stephen & Sons]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 391: Line 415:
 
name=Winchelsea
 
name=Winchelsea
 
pend=F.40 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=F.40 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[J. S. White]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[J. Samuel White]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 413: Line 437:
 
name=Westminster
 
name=Westminster
 
pend=F.02 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=F.02 (Apr 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[Scott]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 435: Line 459:
 
name=Wryneck
 
name=Wryneck
 
pend=G.05 (Nov 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
 
pend=G.05 (Nov 1918){{DittColl|p. 73}}
builder=[[Palmer]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
+
builder=[[Palmer Shipbuilding and Iron Company]]{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order="
 
order="
 
laid=
 
laid=
Line 466: Line 490:
 
name=Wolsey
 
name=Wolsey
 
pend=G.40 (Jun 1918){{DittColl|p. 74}}
 
pend=G.40 (Jun 1918){{DittColl|p. 74}}
builder=[[Thornycroft]]{{DittColl|p. 74}}
+
builder=[[John I. Thornycroft & Company]]{{DittColl|p. 74}}
 
order=December, 1916{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
order=December, 1916{{Conways1906|p. 84}}
 
laid=
 
laid=

Latest revision as of 08:26, 27 March 2020

Twenty-one destroyers of the "W" Class were completed in 1917-1918. They were essentially the same design as the "V" class, but incorporated the triple torpedo tube mounts that had not been ready in time for the "V"s.

Late in the war, an additional order was placed for a large number of Modified "W" class destroyers, most of which were cancelled.

Armament

4-in Guns

Other Guns

Torpedoes

This new mounting inaugurated the triple tube format for the Royal Navy, offering destroyers three times the ready torpedo numbers of destroyers designed just six years previously..[3]

In mid-1920, it was ordered that "S", "V" and "W" class destroyers should be allocated the 21-in Mark IV* torpedo.[4]

Fire Control

Mid 1916 Outfit

Experiments from February with two Grand Fleet destroyers employing dumaresqs and Vickers Range Clocks and voicepipes showed definite advantages over ships using unaided spotting and voicepipes, even when the crews had no special training in the new equipment. Tests were also conducted to find a rangefinder suitable to the lively and cramped platform that destroyers provided. This led to an order on 3 April, 1916 that each T.B.D. of "M" class and later should be equipped with:[5][6]

Two ratings, trained before coming aboard, were added to the crew to work the equipment. The clocks and rangefinders were issued in the following three months, and the dumaresqs a few months later. The data instruments did not become available in numbers until 1917. By mid-1917, the whole system was broadly in place in the destroyers of the Grand Fleet and in the Harwich Force.[7] It seems likely that this class would have followed on the same pattern.[Inference]

In 1918, it was ordered that the Scott class flotilla leaders and destroyers of "V" and "W" classes should have range and deflection receivers for their 3-in H.A. guns and fire gongs worked off the firing key used for the ships' L.A. weaponry.[8]

Directors

Firing Circuits[9]
Training and Slewing Circuits[10]

In 1917, it was approved that the "V" class and later destroyers should all receive installations of the British Destroyer Director Firing System,[11] but none of these installations were completed prior to 1918.[12]

The Director Firing Handbook, 1917 reports that they were to receive Small Type Training Receivers of pattern number 20 on #1, #2 guns, and pattern number 21 on #3 and #4.[13]

On 26 April, 1918, Wolsey had her director tilt tested at Southampton.[14]

In 1918, it was ordered that those destroyers with director installations were to additionally receive:[15]

  • a voice pipe from T.S. to director
  • a fire gong at director worked from existing push in T.S.
  • a fire gong push on fore bridge to be added, wired in parallel to that in the T.S.
  • the repeat receivers on the fore bridge were to be positioned so as to be visible to the director sightsetter.

Rangefinders

By 1921, all four-gun destroyers mounted a 1m F.T. 27 RF on a M.H. 37 mounting or a 9ft F.Q. 2 on an M.Q. 12 mount on their fore bridge.[16]

Torpedo Control

Torpedo Control Circuits in "W" class[17]
Chadburn's Order and Deflection Equipment[18]

The destroyers had sighting positions on both sides of a bridge that had been enlarged from earlier destroyers with firing pushes and keys for sounding buzzers at the tubes. The Chadburn's Torpedo Telegraph transmitters for both order and deflection transmitters were situated centrally on a panel on the bridge, between the two sights. Battery-worked electrical firing and firing gongs augmented this arrangement.[19]

Alterations

By November 1918, Warwick and Whirlwind were operating out of Dover and were equipped to carry 74 "M" type sinker mines. The torpedo tubes and guns removed when the mines were shipped could be placed back aboard with enough notice.[20]

See Also

Footnotes

  1. Director Firing For Flotilla Leaders and Destroyers. p. 55.
  2. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 210.
  3. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 76, 77.
  4. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. pp. 6-7. (G. 10141/20-6.8.1920).
  5. The Technical History and Index, Vol. 3, Part 23. p. 31.
  6. Progress in Naval Gunnery, 1914-1918. p. 35.
  7. The Technical History and Index, Vol. 3, Part 23. pp. 31, 32.
  8. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 376. (C.I.O. 11/18, G. 39278/17).
  9. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. Plate100.
  10. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. Plate101.
  11. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 229.
  12. Progress in Naval Gunnery, 1914-1918. p. 37.
  13. The Director Firing Handbook. p. 146.
  14. Director Firing For Flotilla Leaders and Destroyers. p. 45.
  15. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 376. (C.I.O. 1081/18, G. 24486/15).
  16. Handbook for Naval Range-Finders and Mountings, Book I. p. 168.
  17. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 210. Plate 82.
  18. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. Plate 86.
  19. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. pp. 210, 211. Plate 82.
  20. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, Mining Appendix, 1917-18. p. 11. Plate 7.

Bibliography


"W" Class Destroyer
Admiralty Design
Wakeful Watchman Walpole Whitley Walker
Westcott Walrus Wolfhound Warwick Wessex
Voyager Whirlwind Wrestler Winchelsea Winchester
  Westminster Windsor Wryneck Waterhen  
Thornycroft Specials
  Wolsey Woolston  
<– "V" Class Destroyers (UK) "S" Class –>